Early Online (Volume - 8 | Issue - 3)

Premature Ovarian Failure

Published on: 15th July, 2025

Objective: To provide a rigorous, multidisciplinary synthesis of the epidemiological, genetic, immunological, and environmental factors contributing to Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), with particular attention to regional disparities, occupational exposures, the impact of chemotherapy, the occurrence and recurrence of endometrosis, and emerging fertility preservation strategies. Design: A structured literature review with an emphasis on recent advances in genetic and immunological understanding.Setting: Academic research and clinical insights from multidisciplinary contributors.Patients: Individuals diagnosed with POF as reported in the literature.Interventions: Review of literature concerning epidemiology, genetic mutations, immunological disorders, and surgical outcomes linked to POF.Main outcome measures: Identification of both established and emerging risk factors, validation of genetic and immunological markers, and clarification of diagnostic and preventive clinical approaches.Results: The prevalence of POF varies globally, affecting 1% of women under 40. Genetic factors, particularly mutations in the FMR1 and BMP15 genes, play a significant role, alongside autoimmune diseases. Chemotherapy is a leading iatrogenic cause, while endometriosis and ovarian cyst surgeries significantly contribute to diminished ovarian reserve.Conclusion: POF is a multifactorial condition with rising incidence in specific subgroups. Improved early detection, standardized biomarker use, and expanded access to fertility preservation are essential. Targeted genomic and occupational risk screening may enable personalized interventions. Further genomic studies are needed to elucidate rare mutations and their impact.
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Fiesta vs. Stress Condition the Incidence and the Age at Menarche. Forty Years of Research

Published on: 5th August, 2025

Introduction: The annual rhythm of menarche was proposed to be due to climatic annual variations. The discovery that peaks of incidence of menarche were found in the same months in the North and the South Hemispheres made us to think this hypothesis was not correct. Then we proposed that periods of study (stress) and vacation (relaxation, fiesta) were better factors for this rhythm. If this is so, days of fiesta should present more menarches than current days. In the second hypothesis the age at menarche should be modified by the vacation-study rhythm. Thus, I tested two hypotheses: I) This rhythm and the age at menarche are conditioned by climate factors mostly seasonal variations. II) the contrast between expectancy of fiesta (relaxation) and stress is the main factor of the rhythm and the variation on the age at menarche during the year.Method: The monthly incidence and age at menarche were obtained from samples of girls in Santiago (Chile), Medellín (Colombia), Debrecen (Hungary), Chennai (India) with data collected directly in these countries. A sample from Barrinhas (Riberao Preto, Brazil) was taken from literature. The climatic hypothesis was tested knowing the main climatic parameters by the latitude of these cities. The annual study-vacation rhythm was obtained from the academic calendar at any city and from direct information of our colleagues working in these cities. A correlate between the climatic rhythm and the study-vacation rhythm with the incidence or age at menarche complete the refutation or affirmation of the hypotheses. Also, the expected peaks of menarche at significance fiesta-days or the birthday were studied directly form the calendar of holidays or the cultural information given by our colleagues. Results: In the five samples taken individually or together there were clear contradictions with the climatic hypothesis. On the contrary the fiesta-stress hypothesis shows a clear correlation with the monthly incidence and the age at menarche. Days of national, religious fiesta or the birthday showed greatly significant peaks of menarche. Conclusion: Data refute the climatic hypothesis of the annual rhythm of menarche and agree with the fiesta (vacation)-stress (study) hypothesis.
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A Study on Incidence, Risk Factors, and Maternal Outcome of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Published on: 5th August, 2025

Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) refers to abnormal adherence of the placenta, including accreta, increta, and percreta, which can lead to severe maternal morbidity and mortality due to complications such as hemorrhage, invasion into adjacent organs, and need for blood transfusions.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Government Maternity Hospital, Hanamakonda, Kakatiya Medical College, from January 2024 to June 2024. Data were collected on women presenting with PAS based on clinical and radiological diagnosis, including antenatal and intraoperative findings. Maternal demographic data, risk factors, and outcomes were analyzed.Results: Among 2,700 deliveries, 16 cases of PAS were identified (incidence: 0.59%). PAS subtypes consisted of 7 accreta, 5 increta, and 3 percreta. Major risk factors included advanced maternal age (56% ≥ 30 years), higher parity (81.2% gravidity 3 or more), previous lower-segment cesarean section (LSCS) in 87.5%, and history of D&C (31.2%). Placenta previa was present in 62.2% of cases. Unbooked status and late referrals were common (68.7%). Preterm termination occurred in 87.5% of cases, and 56.2% underwent cesarean hysterectomy. There was no reported perioperative maternal mortality or significant postoperative complications.Conclusion: Placenta accreta spectrum is increasingly recognized, i.e., PAS is being diagnosed and understood in more cases than in the past, because both the actual number of cases and clinical ability to diagnose the condition have increased dramatically in recent years, particularly among women with prior cesarean deliveries and placenta previa. Timely diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and referral to tertiary care are essential to improve maternal outcomes.
Cite this ArticleCrossMarkPublonsHarvard Library HOLLISGrowKudosResearchGateBase SearchOAI PMHAcademic MicrosoftScilitSemantic ScholarUniversite de ParisUW LibrariesSJSU King LibrarySJSU King LibraryNUS LibraryMcGillDET KGL BIBLiOTEKJCU DiscoveryUniversidad De LimaWorldCatVU on WorldCat
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